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This conclusion was reached after an exhaustive study was made of all available alternatives. In all, confirmatory trends appear in 475 measurements of 11 other atomic quantities by 25 methods. Analysis of the most accurate atomic data reveals that the trend has a consistent magnitude in all the other atomic quantities that vary synchronously with light-speed All these measurements have been made during a period when there have been no quantum Executive jobs vacancies in the energy of atomic orbits. These observations reinforce the conclusion that, between any proposed quantum jumps, energy is conserved in all relevant atomic processes, as no extra energy is accessible to the atom from the ZPF. Because energy is conserved, the c-associated atomic constants vary synchronously with c, and the existing order in the cosmos is not disrupted or intruded upon. Historically, it was this very behaviour of the various constants, indicating that energy was being conserved, which was a key factor in the development of the 1987 Norman-Setterfield report, The Atomic Constants, Light And Time The mass of data supporting these conclusions comprises some 638 values measured by 43 methods. Montgomery and Dolphin did a further extensive statistical analysis on the data in 1993 and concluded that the results supported the c decay proposition if energy was conserved The analysis was developed further and formally presented in August 1994 by Montgomery These papers answered questions related to the statistics involved and have not yet been refuted. Plancks constant and mass are two of the quantities that Executive jobs vacancies synchronously with c. Over the period when c has been measured as declining, Plancks constant h has been measured as increasing as documented in the 1987 Report. The most stringent data from astronomy reveal hc must be a true constant 61 Consequently, h must be proportional to 1/c exactly. This is explicable in terms of the SED approach since, as mentioned above, h is essentially a measure of the strength of the zero-point fields ZPF. If the ZPE is increasing, so, in direct proportion, must h. As noted above, an increasing ZPE also means c must drop. In other words, as the energy density of the ZPF increases, c decreases in Executive jobs vacancies a way that hc is invariant. A similar analysis could be made for other time-varying constants that change synchronously with c. where E is energy, and m is Executive jobs vacancies Data listed in the Norman/Setterfield Report confirm the analysis that m is proportional to 1c within a quantum interval, so that Executive jobs vacancies E is unaffected as c varies. Haisch, Rueda and Puthoff independently verify that when the energy density of the ZPF decreases, mass also decreases. They confirm that E in Einsteins equation remains unaffected by these synchronous Executive jobs vacancies involving c If we continue this analysis, the behaviour of mass m is found to be very closely related to the behaviour of the Gravitational constant G and gravitational phenomena. In fact G can be shown to vary in Executive jobs vacancies a way that Gm remains invariant at all times. This relationship between G and m is similar to the Executive jobs vacancies between Plancks constant and the speed of light that leaves the quantity hc unchanged. The quantity Gm always occurs as a united entity in the relevant gravitational or orbital equations Therefore, gravitational and orbital phenomena will be unchanged by varying light speed as will planetary periods and distances In other words, acceleration due to gravity, weight, and planetary orbital years, remain independent of any variation of c. As a result, astronomical orbital periods of the earth, moon, and planets form an independent time-piece, a dynamical clock, with which it is possible to compare atomic processes. This comparison between dynamical and atomic clocks leads to another aspect of this discussion. Observations reveal that a higher speed of light implies that some atomic processes are proportionally faster. This includes atomic frequencies and the rate of ticking of atomic clocks. In 1934 c was experimentally determined to be varying, but measured wavelengths of light were experimentally shown to be unchanged.
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Tell me about a time when you had to stick by a decision you had made, even though it made you very unpopular. Give us an example of something particularly innovative that you have done that made a difference in the workplace. How would you handle an employee whos consistently late? Research the company. Dont just do an Internet search, memorize their mission, and be done with it. If its a retail company, visit a few of their stores, observe the customers, and even strike up a few conversations. Talk to existing employees-ask them what its like working there, how long the position has been open, and what you can do to increase your chances of getting it. Become familiar with the history of the company. Who started it? Where? Who runs it now? Be creative, and out do the other candidates. Settle down. If youve moved around a lot, be prepared to offer a good reason for it. Otherwise, youll need to make a good case for why you want to stick around in the area where the job is located. A company doesnt want to hire someone with wanderlust who still wants to relocate. Be prepared to outline why you are where you are today, how long you intend to stay there, and why. Give specific reasons like This county has the best school systems in the entire state, and I have a daughter who might find the cure for cancer or I was drawn to this area because its at the cutting edge of innovation for this business and I want to be a part of that. The more details, names, and specifics, the better. Make a list of work-related skills youd like to learn. Your employer will be interested in hearing about how you intend to become a better employee. Think about which skills will make you more competent in the position youre applying for. Public speaking, project management, team leading, and computer programs are usually beneficial. Find some books and upcoming conferences that would significantly improve your abilities. In an interview, tell the employer what youre reading and learning, and that youd like to continue doing so. This is a list of the 7 most important job skills, wanted by employers, that a job seeker must have to be sure of landing a good job and just as importantly, keeping it. The ability to find relevant information: Research Skill Job seekers should possess the ability to systematically find relevant information through research not because they want a research job, but in order to do effective searches for the data needed by a particular activity. Logical thinking: Information Handling. Most businesses regard the ability to handle and organize information to produce effective solutions as one of the top skills employers want. The ability to make sensible solutions regarding a spending proposal or an internal activity is valued. IT Skill: Technological Ability Most job openings will require people who are IT or computer literate or know how to operate different machines and office equipment, whether a PC or multi-function copier and scanner. This doesnt mean that employers need people who are technology graduates. The simple fact that job seekers know the basic principles of using the technology is sufficient. Getting your words understood: Communication Skills Employers tend to value and hire people who are able to express their thoughts efficiently through verbal and written communication.
Postoffice job vacancies
Rather, this new model suggests it may be evidence that the ZPE has increased with time allowing atomic orbits to take up successively higher energy states. It is at this point in the discussion Postoffice job vacancies a consideration of light-speed Postoffice job vacancies important. It has already been mentioned that an increase in vacuum energy density will result in an increase in the electrical permittivity and the magnetic permeability of space, since they are energy related. Since light-speed is inversely Postoffice job vacancies to both these properties, if the energy density of the vacuum increases, light-speed will decrease uniformly throughout the cosmos. Indeed, in 1990 Scharnhorst 48 and Barton 20 demonstrated Postoffice job vacancies a lessening of the energy density of a vacuum would produce a higher velocity for light. This is explicable in terms of the QED approach. The virtual particles that make up the seething vacuum can absorb a photon of light and then re-emit it when they annihilate. This process, while fast, takes a finite time. The lower the energy density of the vacuum, the fewer virtual particles will be in the path of light photons in transit. As a consequence, the fewer absorptions and re-emissions which take place over a given distance, the faster light travels over that distance 49, However, the converse is also true. The higher the energy density of the vacuum, the more virtual particles will interact with the light photons in a given distance, and so the slower light will travel. Similarly, when light enters a transparent medium such as glass, similar absorptions and re-emissions occur, but this time it is the atoms in the glass that absorb and re-emit the light photons. This is why light slows as it travels through a denser medium. Indeed, the more closely packed the atoms, the slower light will travel as a greater number of interactions Postoffice job vacancies in a given distance. In a recent illustration of Postoffice job vacancies light-speed was reduced to 17 metres/second as it passed through extremely closely packed sodium Postoffice job vacancies near absolute zero All this is now known Postoffice job vacancies experimental physics. This agrees with Barnetts comments in Nature 11 Postoffice job vacancies The vacuum is certainly a Postoffice job vacancies mysterious and elusive suggestion that the value of the speed of light is determined by its structure is worthy of serious Postoffice job vacancies by theoretical physicists. One of the main points established in the Postoffice job vacancies technical thesis currently undergoing review has been that redshift z is proportional to light-speed c This can be written as where k is the constant of Postoffice job vacancies This constant allows values of z to be converted to Postoffice job vacancies of c and vice versa. Postoffice job vacancies is an important key to the behaviour of c, because there exists a well-accepted graph of redshift z of distant astronomical objects on the vertical axis, against distance d on the horizontal axis. This graph describes the general behaviour of redshift with distance in a way that has been verified by recent Hubble Space Telescope observations. A second clue to the behaviour of c is obtained when it is realized that by looking out into progressively greater astronomical distances d, we are systematically looking further back in time T. Thus distance and time are directly related and can be inter-converted. Consequently, the Postoffice job vacancies of redshift z against distance d can be converted to become a graph of light-speed c against time T. Essentially it is the same graph, only it has different scales on both axes. Postoffice job vacancies the behaviour of light-speed over astronomical time is simply given by the accepted observations of redshift behaviour Postoffice job vacancies distance 53, This behaviour consists of a rapid drop in c initially, which then tapers down to a much flatter decay rate. For each redshift quantum change, the speed of light has apparently changed by a significant amount. The precise quantity is dependent upon the value adopted for the Hubble constant, which links a galaxys redshift with its Postoffice job vacancies The question then arises as to whether or not any other observational evidence exists that the speed of Postoffice job vacancies has diminished with time. Surprisingly, some 40 articles about Postoffice job vacancies very matter appeared in the scientific literature Postoffice job vacancies 1926 to 1944 Some important Postoffice job vacancies emerge from this literature. In 1944, despite a strong preference for the constancy of atomic quantities, N. Dorsey 56 was reluctantly forced to admit: As is well known to those acquainted with the several determinations of the velocity of light, the definitive values successively reported have, in general, decreased monotonously from Cornus 3 4 megametres per second in 1874 to Andersons 776 in 1940 Even Dorseys own re-working of the data could not avoid that conclusion. However, the decline in the measured value of c was noticed much earlier. In 1886, Simon Newcomb reluctantly concluded that the older results obtained around 1740 were in agreement with each other, but they indicated c was about 1% higher than in his own time 57, the early 1880s. In Postoffice job vacancies history repeated itself when Birge made a parallel statement while writing about the c values obtained by Newcomb, Michelson, and others around 18 Birge was forced to concede that these older results are entirely consistent among themselves, but their average is nearly 100 km/s greater than that given by the eight more recent results Each of these three eminent scientists held to a belief in the absolute constancy of c. This makes their careful admissions about the experimentally Postoffice job vacancies values of measured light speed more significant. The data obtained over the last 320 years at least imply a decay in c Over this period, all 163 measurements of light-speed by 16 methods reveal a non-linear decay trend. Evidence for this decay trend exists within each measurement technique as well as overall. Furthermore, an initial analysis of the behaviour of a number of other atomic constants was made in 1981 to see how they related to c decay. On the basis of the measured value of these constants, it became apparent that energy was being conserved throughout the process of c variation.
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Observationally, the incremental increase of redshift with distance indicates that the wavelengths of light emitted from galaxies undergo a fractional increase. Therefore, for the ground state orbit of the Bohr atom, the wavelength K must increment in steps of some set fraction of K, say Kz R. This means that K z R. Furthermore, the wavelength increment D can be defined as Here, the term n is the new quantum integer that fulfils the same function as Bohrs quantum number n. Furthermore, Plancks quantum constant h finds its parallel in R. As a consequence, R could be called the Rydberg quantum wavelength since it is a specific fraction of the Rydberg wavelength. This designated fraction is given by the dimensionless number z which could perhaps be called the Rydberg quantum number. Analysis of the terms making up the Rydberg constant indicate Job vacancy closed job vacancy filled such a dimensionless number can indeed be obtained provided one reasonable assumption is made. The details are given in the main paper. This Rydberg quantum number z then bears the value Under these circumstances, the Rydberg quantum wavelength R is defined as This holds because of two factors. First, if n decreases with time, it will mimic the behaviour of the redshift, which also decreases with time. High redshift values from distant objects necessarily mean high values for n as well. Second, all atomic orbit radii r can be shown to remain unchanged throughout any quantum changes. If they were not, the abrupt change of size of every atom at the quantum jump would cause obvious flaws in crystals, which would be especially noticeable in ancient rocks. This new quantisation procedure effectively allows every atom in the cosmos to simultaneously Job vacancy closed job vacancy filled a new higher energy state for each of its orbits in proportion as the ZPE increases with time. In so doing, it opens the way for a solution to the redshift problem. In the Bohr atom, all orbit energies are scaled according to the energy of the orbit closest to the nucleus, the ground state orbit. Therefore, if the ground state orbit has an energy change, all other orbits will scale their energy proportionally. This also means that wavelengths of emitted light will be scaled in proportion to the energy of the ground state orbit of the atom. Accordingly, if W is the wavelength of the ground state orbit, then the wavelength change at the quantum jump is given by Now the redshift is defined as the change in wavelength, given by D, divided by the reference wavelength W. For the purposes of illustration, let us take the reference wavelength to be equal to that emitted when an electron falls into the ground state orbit for hydrogen. This wavelength is close to 1127 x 10 centimetres. For this orbit, the value of D from the above equation is given by 12072 x 10 This compares favourably with Tiffts basic value of 67 km/sec for the quantum jumps in the redshift velocity. Furthermore, when the new quantum number takes the value n 27, the redshift velocity Job vacancy closed job vacancy filled cz 72 km/sec compared with the 72 km/s that Tifft originally noticed. It may also be significant that for n 14, the redshift velocity is 39 Job vacancy closed job vacancy filled compared with Tiffts 2 km/s and 5 km/s that was subsequently established by Guthrie and Napier. Imposing a quantum condition on the second Bohr equation for the atom therefore produces quantum changes in orbit Job vacancy closed job vacancy filled and emitted wavelengths that accord with the observational evidence. This result also implies the quantised redshift may not be an indicator of universal expansion.
Executive jobs position vacancies
When a full quantum increase in the vacuum energy Executive jobs position vacancies occurs, the strength of the charge increases. With a higher charge for the point-like entity of the electron, it would be expected that the size of the particle cloud would increase because of stronger vacuum polarisation and a more energetic Zitterbewegung. Note that vacuum polarisation occurs because of a tendency for virtual particles to be attracted to charges of the Executive jobs position vacancies sign, while those of the same sign remain more distant 18, Executive jobs position vacancies larger cloud of virtual particles intimately associated with the bare electron would give rise to an increase in the perceived radius of the dressed electron and its apparent area since both include the particle cloud. In fact this dressed electron is the entity that has been observed classically, and the one to which both the Compton radius and classical radius formulae apply. This inevitably means that the virtual particle cloud partially screens the full value of the bare charge. Some experiments have probed deep into the virtual particle cloud and found the charge does indeed increase with penetration. In fact, the full value of the bare charge has yet to be determined 13, Let us now be more specific about Executive jobs position vacancies new approach to orbit energies and their association with the redshift. The Bohr model of the atom has electrons going around the atomic nucleus in miniature orbits, like planets around the sun. Although more sophisticated models of the atom now exist, it has been acknowledged in the past that the Bohr theory is still often employed as a first approximation 45 Similarly, much of the Executive jobs position vacancies work done on the ZPE and atoms in the SED approach has also been at Bohr theory level It has been stated that the motive has been to gain intuitive insights and calculational ease Accordingly, that approach is retained here. In the Bohr Executive jobs position vacancies of the atom, two equations describe orbital energy In 1913, Niels Bohr quantised the first of these, the angular momentum equation. The angular momentum of an orbit is Executive jobs position vacancies mathematically by mvr, where m is the mass of the electron, v is its velocity in an orbit whose radius is r. Bohr pointed out that a close approximation to the observed atomic Executive jobs position vacancies is obtained if electrons are theoretically restricted to those orbits whose angular momentum is an integral multiple of h2 p. Mathematically, that is written as where n is a whole number such as 1, 2, 3, etc. , and is called the quantum number. As mentioned above, h is Plancks quantum constant. This procedure effectively describes a series of permitted orbits for electrons in any given atom. In so doing it establishes the spectral line structure for any specific atom. That Executive jobs position vacancies is standard physics. The new approach maintains the Executive jobs position vacancies of Bohrs first equation, so at the instant of any quantum jump in orbital energy, the angular momentum would be conserved. This means that both sides of the above equation remain unchanged at the quantum jump. Bohrs second equation describes the kinetic energy of the electron in an orbit of radius r. Kinetic energy is defined as m v The standard equation for the kinetic energy of the first Bohr orbit, the orbit closest to the nucleus often called the ground state orbit, reads where e is the charge on the electron, and Q is the permittivity of the vacuum. This kinetic energy is equal in magnitude to the total energy of that closest orbit. When an electron falls from immediately outside the atom into that orbit, this energy is released as a photon of light. The energy E of this photon has a wavelength W and both the energy and the wavelength are linked by the standard equation As shown later, observational evidence reveals the hc component in this equation is an absolute constant at all times. The kinetic energy and the photon energy are thus equal. This much is standard physics Accordingly, we can Executive jobs position vacancies the following equality for the ground state orbit from Bohrs second equation: However, as A. French points out in his derivation of the relevant equations 42, the energy E of the ground state orbit, can also be written as where R is the Rydberg constant and is equal to 109 3 cm The Rydberg constant links emitted wavelengths with atomic orbit energy This link was discovered by Johannes Robert Rydberg of Sweden in 18 In fact, over a century later, this model indicates that he discovered more than he is being credited with. By comparing the last two equations above, it will be noted that the Executive jobs position vacancies W associated with the energy E of the ground state orbit is given by If we now follow the lead of Bohr, and quantise his second equation, a solution to several difficulties is found.
House job publishing vacancy
They comprise the observed change in wavelength D of a given spectral line House job publishing vacancy compared with the laboratory standard wavelength W. The ratio of these quantities DW z is a dimensionless number that measures the House job publishing vacancy However, it is customarily converted to a velocity by multiplying it by the current speed of light, c The redshift so defined is then c z, and it is this c z that is changing in steps of 67 km/s. Since the House job publishing vacancy standard wavelength W is unaltered, it then follows that as z D/W is systematically increasing in discrete jumps with distance, then D must be increasing in discrete jumps also. Now D is the difference between the observed wavelength of a given spectral line and the laboratory standard wavelength for that same spectral line This suggests that emitted wavelengths are becoming longer in quantum jumps with increasing distance or with look-back time. During the time between jumps, the emitted wavelengths remain unchanged from the value attained at the last jump. The basic observations therefore indicate that the wavelengths of all atomic spectral lines have changed in discrete jumps throughout the cosmos with time. This could imply that all atomic emitters within each galaxy may be responsible for the quantised redshift, rather than the recession of those galaxies or universal expansion. Importantly, the wavelengths of light emitted from atoms are entirely dependent upon the energy of each atomic orbit. According to this new way of interpreting the data, the redshift observations might House job publishing vacancy that the energy of every atomic orbit in the cosmos simultaneously undergoes a series of discrete jumps with time. How could this be possible? The explanation may well be found in the work of Hal Puthoff. Since the ZPE is sustaining every atom and maintaining the electrons in their orbits, it would then also be directly responsible for the energy of each atomic orbit. In House job publishing vacancy of this, it can be postulated that if the ZPE were lower in the past, then these orbital energies would probably be less as well. Therefore emitted wavelengths would be longer, and hence redder. Because the energy of atomic orbits is quantised or goes in steps 42, it may well be that any increase in atomic orbital energy can similarly only go in discrete steps. Between these steps atomic orbit energies would remain fixed at the value attained at the last step. In fact, this is the precise effect that Tiffts redshift data reveals. The outcome of this is that atomic orbits would be unable to access energy from the smoothly increasing ZPF until a complete unit of additional energy became available. Thus, between quantum jumps all atomic processes proceed on the basis of energy conservation, operating within the framework of energy provided at the last quantum jump. Thus any increase in energy from the ZPE will not affect the atom until a particular threshold is reached, at House job publishing vacancy time all the atoms in the universe react simultaneously. This new approach can be analysed further. Mathematically it is known that the strength of the electronic charge is one of several factors governing the orbital energies within the atom Therefore, for the orbital energy to change, a simultaneous change in the value of the charge of both the electron and the proton would be expected. Although we will only consider the electron here, the same argument holds for the proton as well. Theoretically, the size of the spherical electron, and hence its area, should appear to increase at each quantum jump, becoming larger with time. The so-called Compton radius of the electron is 86151 x 10 centimetres, which, in the SED approach, is significant. Malcolm H. MacGregor of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California drew some relevant conclusions in The Enigmatic Electron p. 6, and chapter 7, Kluwer, 1992 that were amplified later by Haisch, Rueda, and Puthoff Both groups pointed out that one defensible interpretation is that the electron really is a point-like entity, smeared out to its quantum dimensions by the ZPF fluctuations. As MacGregor initially emphasised, this smearing out of the electronic charge by the ZPF involves vacuum polarisation and the Zitterbewegung. When the calculations are done in SED using these phenomena, the Compton radius for the electron is indeed obtained With this in mind, it might be anticipated, on the SED approach, that if the energy density of the ZPF increased, the point-like entity of the electron would be smeared out even more, thus appearing larger. This would follow since the Zitterbewegung would be more energetic, and vacuum polarization around charges would be more extensive. In other words, the spherical electrons apparent radius and hence its area would increase at the quantum jump. Also important here is the classical House job publishing vacancy of the electron, defined as 81785 x 10 centimetres. The formula for this quantity links the electron radius with the electronic charge and its mass-energy. A larger radius means a stronger charge, if other factors are equal. Therefore, at the quantum jump, when a full quantum of additional energy becomes available to the atom from the ZPE, the electrons radius, and hence its area, would be expected to expand. This suggestion also follows from a comment by MacGregor op. 28 about the spherical electron, namely that the quantum zero-point force tends to expand the sphere. According to the formula, a larger classical radius would also indicate that the intrinsic charge had increased. The importance of this is that a greater electronic charge will result in a greater orbital energy, which means that wavelengths emitted by the atom will be shifted towards the blue end of the spectrum. The QED model can explain this formula another way. There is a cloud of virtual particles around the bare electron interacting with it.
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Each element has a very specific set of spectral lines associated with it. Within the spectra of the sun, stars or distant galaxies these same spectral lines appear. Slipher noted that in distant galaxies this familiar pattern of lines was shifted systematically towards the red end of the spectrum. He concluded that this redshift of light from these galaxies was a Doppler effect caused by these galaxies moving away from us. The Doppler effect can be explained by what happens to the pitch of a siren on a police car as it moves away from you. The tone drops. Slipher concluded that the redshift of the spectral lines to longer wavelengths was Human resources vacancies in east anglia due to the galaxies receding from us. For that reason, this redshift is usually expressed as a velocity, even though as late as 1960 some astronomers were seeking other explanations In 1929, Edwin Hubble plotted the most recent distance measurements of these galaxies on one axis, with their redshift recession velocity on the other. He noted that the further away the galaxies were, the higher were their redshifts It was concluded that if the redshift represented receding galaxies, and the redshift increased in direct proportion to the galaxies distances from us, then the entire universe must be Human resources vacancies in east anglia The situation is likened to dots on the surface of a balloon being inflated. As the balloon expands, each dot appears to recede from every other dot. A slightly more complete picture was given by relativity theory. Here space itself is considered to be expanding, carrying the galaxies with it. According this interpretation, light from distant objects has its wavelength stretched or reddened in transit because the space in which it is travelling is expanding. This interpretation of the redshift is held by a majority of astronomers. However, in 1976, William Tifft of the Steward Observatory in Tucson, Arizona, published the first of a number of papers analysing redshift measurements. He observed that the redshift measurements did not change smoothly as distance increased, but went in jumps: in other words Human resources vacancies in east anglia were quantised Between successive jumps, the redshift remained fixed at the value it attained at the last jump. This first study was by no means exhaustive, so Tifft investigated further. As he did so, he discovered that the original observations that suggested a quantised redshift were strongly supported wherever he looked 27 In 1981 the extensive Fisher-Tully redshift survey was completed. Because redshift values in this survey were not clustered in the way Tifft had noted earlier, it looked as if redshift quantisation could be ruled out. However, in 1984 Tifft and Cocke pointed out that the motion of the sun and its solar system through space produces a genuine Doppler effect of its own, which adds or subtracts a little to every redshift measurement. When this true Doppler effect was subtracted from all the observed redshifts, it produced strong evidence for the quantisation of redshifts across the entire sky 35, The initial quantisation value that Tifft discovered was a redshift of 72 kilometres per second in the Coma cluster of galaxies. Subsequently it was discovered that quantisation figures of up to 13 multiples of 72 km/s existed. Later work established a smaller quantisation figure just half of this, namely 36 km/s. This was subsequently supported by Guthrie and Napier who concluded that 6 km/s was a more basic figure, with an error of 2 km/s 37 After further observations, Human resources vacancies in east anglia announced in 1991 that these and other redshift quantisations recorded earlier were simply higher multiples of a basic quantisation figure After statistical treatment, that figure turned out to be 997 km/s. However, Tifft noted that this 997 km/s was not in itself the most basic result as observations revealed a 997/3 km/s, or 67 km/s, quantisation, which was even more fundamental When multiplied by 14, this fundamental value gave a predicted redshift of 38 km/s in line with Guthrie and Napiers value. Furthermore, when the basic 67 km/s is multiplied by 27, it gives the 12 km/s initially picked up in the Coma cluster of galaxies. Accepting this result at face value suggests that the redshift is quantised in fundamental steps of 67 km/s across the cosmos. If redshifts were truly a result of an expanding universe, the measurements would be smoothly distributed, showing all values within the range measured. This is the sort of thing we see on a highway, with cars going many different speeds within the normal range of driving speeds. However the redshift, being quantised, is more like the idea of those cars each going in multiples of, say, 5 kilometres an hour. Cars dont do that, but the redshift does. This would seem to indicate that something other than the expansion of the universe is responsible for these results. We need to undertake a re-examination of what is actually being observed in order to find a solution to the problem. It is this solution to the redshift problem that introduces a new cosmological model. In this model, atomic behaviour and light-speed throughout the cosmos are linked with the ZPE and properties of the vacuum. The prime definition of the redshift, z, involves two measured quantities.